Taobaos Success free essay sample

The most successful C2C E-business platform in China Chenlei Shi 865313 IT IS 600 Professor Robert Testa, Jr. September, 18, 2010 Taobao’s Success 2 Abstract With the great speed of economic globalization, E-Business is developing in a surprising speed through the wide-spread of information technology. Nowadays, there are a lot of big E-business corporations such as Amazon, E-bay focus on different E-business model and field. However when these international companies carving up the global market, some local enterprises also growing up and want to share this big cake.Taobao (www. taobao. com), a Chinese-based company which is a leading platform for C2C personal transactions, was founded in 2003 by the 450 million investment from world’s best B2B company——Alibaba. Taobao is a typical example of China E-business style. Taobao paid a lot of efforts in order to China and Asia’s market dominance, during a lot of difficulties and challenges especially in the competition with E-bay. We will write a custom essay sample on Taobaos Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But some problems still exist in Taobao’ credit system and logistics model. These tough problems also exist in each E-business companies.Hence, how to fix these problems still needs development of information technology. Taobao’s Success 3 Taobao’s background and business model In May 10, 2003, Taobao was founded by Alibaba Group and specialized in C2C e-commerce (Consumer to Consumer Model). Alibaba was founded in Hangzhou in 1999, after nearly a decade of development, has grown into the worlds largest online trading exchange market and the business community. Up to now, Taobao is the biggest Internet retail and business district in Asia, own more than 200 million registered users, accounting for 80% of online shopping market in China.Merely in 2009, transactions amounted to 50 billion dollar. However, if the Taobao’s success only attribute to its excellent â€Å"pedigree†, it would be ridiculous. Today’s Taobao E-business is more than just buying and selling of products and services through the means of digital media, E-business encompasses e-commerce and a whole lot more. For example, its E-business includes both front and back-office applications that from engine for modern business. Unlike some other corporate entities-based business, Taobao is redefining old business models through the aid of technology. Their business are the use of Internet and other networks and information technologies to support electronic commerce, enterprise communications and collaboration, and Web-enabled business processes both within an internetworked enterprise, and with its customers and business partners. Taobao’s Success 4 The competition with E-bay E-Bay is another famous C2C business platform, and in Sept. 27, 1999, e-Bay established eBay-Each. net in order to the expansion in China market. EBay-Each establishment was even earlier than the establishment of Taobao(May, 2004).Thus, at first, Taobao had to face that they lost not only the opportunities and but also a great part of flow market. But in 2004, merely after Taobao’s establishment one years, Taobao surpassed Each. net and been the first C2C platform in China. Then in 2006, it became the biggest shopping online website in Asia. So let us make some comparison between Taobao and Each in several aspects. First, in business strategy, both eBay each. net and Taobao choose free business at first. But eBay-Each. net gave up this attractive business strategy and began charging to the virtual shop. However, when eBay-Each found they were losing their customer rapidly, they return to their former strategy to avoid more losing. Taobao always adhere free charge so that absorbing more customers and virtual shop. Second, Taobao was the first platform which use third-party payment platform——Alipay. That means Taobao pay attention to safety problem. With the introduction of the real-name authentication system, Taobao made distinguish between individual users and the business user authentication. But eBay-Each did not used PayPal system in China market because of a variety of reason.Until 2005, this Taobao’s Success 5 problem was solved by eBay-Each, but without doubt, eBay-Each lost its advantage in credit transaction. Third, eBay-Each used advertisement blocking tactics to fight Taobao. In 2003, the biggest three portal in China (Sohu, Sina, 163) made a deal with e-Bay that they would never use Taobao’s advertisement. To fix this problem, Taobao use a lot of traditional medium such as newspaper, TV or subway stops, bus, road advertising. Moreover, Taobao also made a co-operation with Yahoo, using Yahoo’s search bid, investing 2 million keywords.Then Taobao increased the keywords to 3 million, and the hits up to 6million in one day. That made Taobao beyond its opponent in two key indicators, accounting for the initiative in future competition. Furthermore, another difference in Taobao’s advertisements, their membership in the trading process could feel lively culture of family. Fourth, eBay-Each and Taobao had a significant understianding gap in market positioning. EBay-Each have their global strategy and want to do business with the people who are 30-40years old. While Taobao’s strategy is localization, and its target population was also younger than its counterpart.Last but not least, Taobao encouraged their buyer and seller makes private transaction, and supported a convenient platform. One example is the communication tool for members in a timely manner Live Messenger. If the user enters a shop, just the owner is also online, then, they can chat with each other through sending and receiving messages. Live Messenger with a view transaction history, to understand Taobao’s Success 6 each other credit, personal information, avatars, multi-chat tool, chatting with other general features. In contrast, at first in order to preventing buyer and seller avoiding trading commissions, eBay-Each did not allow to leave the true underline contacting ways. That made a big security risk in future development. At the end, people knew the results about this competition in 2008, Taobao occupied approximately 80% share of the whole online shopping market, and began the biggest C2C e-business platform in Asia. EBay-Each switched their target, turning into the main global purchasing markets in transition in order to avoid confrontation directly to Taobao. Secrets of Taobao’s victoy in ChinaFirst of all, without eBay-Each effort in market cultivation in first several years in China, Taobao could not be growth at such amazing speed. The original reason of eBay’s failure probably was they were too successful in the past. So eBay totally copied the American model to China. That led a strategic error. EBay is a global strategic for high-salary and white-collar people to provide personal e-commerce platform in international trading. So did eBay-Each, their slogan was â€Å"to provide both a local and global online trading platform. † eBay CEO, Whiteman, once said: â€Å"Our 27 markets in the world are successful.In China, the 28th markets, we will still success with our firmly established policy. † Taobao’s Success 7 In detail, based on the comparison above, two fatal flaws led to eBay-Each collapse. Firstly, with Clayton M. Christense research, asymmetric information, although eBay hired native manager team, Yibo Shao and Haiyin Tan, the mother company still wanted to set up a global platform to meet different customer needs in China, that would inevitably lead to inherent strategic contradiction, because the two types of customer demand cannot be satisfied together. In additional, eBay-Each spent one year and a lot of money, at Sept. 7, 2004, completed the global eBay trading platform. Even in this situation, because of the mother company have an asymmetric information problem. They just exchanged executives again and again. Secondly, Service is not good. Probably it is unfair to use the word â€Å"not good† or â€Å"bad† to describe eBay. In some way, eBay-Each merely want to provide the best services in the world. But this all involved with its global business model. Because of C2C website should not only support a platform for seller and buyer, but also a safe Taobao’s Success 8 rading environment. A security third-party payment tools is essential. However, eBay’s best friend, PayPal support multi-currency payment, then, because of China’s foreign exchange control policy, PayPal delayed in introduction until 2005. This is only one example, other useful tools such as Skype (a tool could meet communication needs among customer) also cannot be introduction in China market. In contrast, Taobao’s original reason of this wining is its well-know background and flexible tactics. Taobao gain a lot of benefits from its mother company both on money support and human resource. Alibaba is a mature business group in B2C e-business field. It is worth noting that the C2C market in China actually is a mixed market. Some B2C also mixed in this market, that made Taobao was able to apply sophisticated Alibaba previously successful experience in China. Furthermore, Alibaba borrowed seven experts in e-commerce to play company’s executives. Another winning method is Taobao’s flexible policy.At the beginning, when eBay-Each mastered most of stock market, Taobao did not fight with eBay-Each for the existing stock, but mining incremental market in C2C business. That measure made Taobao captured almost 90% of new e-business users. New crisis There is no denying that Taobao can say currently the most successful Internet business platform, and its prospects for future development are promising people. Of Taobao’s Success 9 course, Taobao is also facing many problems. The most important problem is its credit system.As newly survey, Taobao still fights with reputation spam. Online shopping has become the younger generation’s main spending channel. Everything can be found at a cheaper cost and with home delivery, saving on cab fares. But individual’s accounts safety become more and more important in this time. Moreover, the 3G technology made Taobao have to upgrade their server for customer requirement. Taobao’s campaign will never end if they still want to expand their market.

Beringer Blass wine estate

Beringer Blass wine estate SWOT analysisStrengths- Strong brand name with many international brands- Second most producer of wine in the world- First mover advantage in quality products- High economy of scale by large scale of production- High rate of return by maintaining cost structure and high profit margin- Highest growth rate of the company- Many brands around the world- International expansion by merger and acquisitionWeakness- Return on capital employed for combined operations decreasing- Wine club revenue is falling- Business differentiation is limited to only alcoholic beverages- Employee motivation and management not specifically defined- Lack of cost reduction structure- Product and accessories features enhancement is slow- Lack Aggressive marketing and advertising campaign- Product localization is not well justified- Distribution network is some how dependent on other small companies- Only few countries has been targeted yetOpportunities- Premium wine consumption is increased every year steadily- U S market is the largest market in the world and also the most profitable- UK market has the highest growth rate and this market still growing rapidly through this market more revenue can be generated.Swot analysis image- Merger and acquisition with branded companies like southcorp can increase company's market share- Business diversification into related beverage like cold drinks and water- Business diversification can into whisky, vodka to capture more alcoholic market- Wine accessories business can be expanded to many other countries- Wine club can be started to other countries as now it is limited to only few countriesThreats- Wine consumption has declined in many countries like France, Argentina etc- Wine production in many countries is decreasing- As this product is controlled for ages above 21, many government changing laws on time...

Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Management Accounting - Essay Example The system of product costing is particularly used to assist in determining the amounts in the inventory balance sheet, and the income statement cost of sales. The information gathered in management accounting is mainly financial in nature, as well as, dollar dominated, although in most cases, systems of management accounting collect and report information that is non-financial as well (C?adez? & Guilding, 2007). This essay is a review of the operations of management via accounting in modern enterprises, as well as, an analysis of the way in which management via accounting can be utilized to maintain low fuel costs while ensuring safety. Management accounting emerged as an activity that was significant for the first time during the initial revolution of industries, in the enterprises and industries that were leading in those days. As such, financial accounting led to the rise of management accounting, which has its origin in its European merchant stewardship role of trading venture t hat began in Italian Renaissance, as well as, tax records that have apparently been required by governments for the duration that they have existed (Abdel-Kader, 2011). In the book The Visible Hand by Alfred Chandler (1977), he argues that the history of American business can be categorized into two phases that are separate, one representing the market economy which is what economists characterize as perfect completion, and the other phase represents managerial capitalism. The new structure of line-and –staff, after it has been merged with the new process that is continuous of producing, as well as, analyzing accounting and information that is statistical, allows information and plans in the enterprise to flow up and down (Chandler, 1977). Some of the ways that management via accounting enables managers to deliver economic, efficient, as well as, effective outcomes in a line-and-staff structure, is by Lowering Internal Transaction Costs This involves the lowering of the trans action costs internally through the routinizing of the units transactions. With the use of the modern technology the great volumes can make it possible for the costs of transactions to be lowered. Regardless of whether the program priorities are long-term or short-term, the management planning aspect is a vital success and productivity contributor. Every management needs to identify a course of action the organization should take from the alternatives that are available. In order for the transaction management to be operational, as well as, of value more application case studies are required. Through specialization as a result of economies of scale, production shifts to where it is relatively cheapest (Hurt, 2013). Reducing the costs for information on markets and supply This happens through linking the administration that produces units with that of buying, as well as, distributing the units.The price marketing system is the device of coordination that caters for allocations. The p rice that makes a balance between the demands of consumers and the supply by the producers is achieved through market interaction. This market interaction is what is basically referred to as the invisible hand. A consumer’s demand, on one hand, for a commodity highly depends on the price of that commodity to a large extends (Needles, Powers & Crosson, 2011). More rapid cash flow and payment Through the management systems companies promote specialization that is suitable for sustainable development. The more rapid

ANOVA Study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ANOVA Study - Coursework Example Or value 0 can be assigned to the negative (frustration and depression) moods and value ‘1’ can be assigned to the positive (happiness and calmness) moods. The three levels A, B and C are the groups which consists of three groups of people watching the above said three TV shows. The independent variable in this analysis is the type of TV show and the dependent variable is moods of the people. It is assumed that moods of the people depend on the type of the TV shows they are watching. Based on this assumption, null and alternative hypothesis are formulated. H0: u1=u2=†¦.=uk and Ha: all us are not equal. The F-ratio equals the mean square between groups divided by the mean square within groups. That is, Fobt= MS bn/ MSwn . When F-ratio is found significant, Fobt should be greater than 1 (Heiman, 2003). In our analysis, the results are found to be significant. That is, null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. Type of TV shows has significant role in influencing people’s mood. For Post –hoc comparisons, t-test is conducted. From t-test, we can find out that which type of TV show is more significant role in influencing people’ moods. Among A, B or C, which one leads to the happiness and calmness of the people. In other words, which TV show plays role in leading the people’s moods to depression or frustration. When a factor is analyzed using independent samples in all conditions, it is called between-subjects factor. Our study make use of between-subjects factor ANOVA. The selection of our three sample groups are completely independent. We are gathering information from three different group of people watching different TV shows and hence our analysis is between-subjects factor

The Case Against the Privatization of Prisons Essay

The Case Against the Privatization of Prisons - Essay Example As per the dogmas affiliated to the classical and modern economics, the privatization of the government institutions seems to be just the right choice in the contemporary scenario. However, the vital point is that should economic and financial considerations be the only criteria through which the relevance of state and public institutions be gauged Should the important public facilities like the schools, health facilities, education and prisons be left at the mercy of the private sector corporations Certainly it will be utterly myopic to wear the spectacles of economics to access the importance of very vital state institutions like prisons. The prisons in any society are very important social and political institutions. Infact the scope and ambit of prisons as a social institution is utterly different from other institutions like hospitals and schools. So far as other institutions in any dynamic society are concerned, they happen to be primarily service oriented and their efficacy and worth is judged on the basis of the quality of services extended by them. The prisons tend to differ in the sense that they primarily give expression to the collective conscience of a society. The way a society treats and takes care of its offenders is a direct picture of its ethical moorings and value system. The need to rehabilitate the offenders, to take ample steps to bring them back into the national mainstream is something that comes within the purview of the social responsibilities of a nation and demands a considerable sense of responsibility, commitment and involvement. Any attempt to define prisons as institutions where prisoner s reside or are kept in confinement will be utterly narrow and short sighted. Infact, the prisons should be treated more as rehabilitation facilities that primarily exist for the purpose of giving the offenders a chance to serve their sentences and at the same time to facilitate them with just the right kind of environment so as to help them to become better persons and to ensure their assimilation back into the social mainstream. Considering this factor, the contemporary trend towards the privatization of prisons leaves massive scope for doubting the ability and intentions of the private corporations taking over the prisons, to fulfill this onerous social responsibility by allocating requisite funds and resources.The privatization of the prisons is not a new trend. The federal and state governments had already initiated the policy of the privatization of the facilities managed by them a long time ago. Such services primarily included medical facilities, food processing, education a nd vocational training. However, this panache for privatization achieved unprecedented heights with the newfound state predilection for the privatization of the prisons in the late 80s. A great many factors were responsible for this trend. However, the major reason that ultimately convinced the federal and the state governments in favor of the privatizat

Ranganathan Science Library

Ranganathan Science Library SHIYALI RAMAMRITA RANGANATHAN Brief overview of Ranganathans life According to Gopinath, in Memorabilia Ranganathan, Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan, often referred to as S. R. Ranganathan, was born August 9, 1892 in Tamil Nadu, in southern India. He lost his father early in childhood, and he also married his first wife at a young age. Ranganathan and his second wife had one child. After a long, impressive career, Ranganathan died at the age of 80 on September 27, 1972. Education and career Documentation Research and Training Centre, 1962 http://www.isibang.ac.in/library/portal/Pages/photo.htm Ranganathan as a student, 1913 http://www.isibang.ac.in/library/portal/Pages/photo.htm Leaving Mathematics and teaching had not been easy for SRR. His colleagues and the principal had given him great moral support. The year was 1924. http://www.isibang.ac.in/library/portal/Pages/photo.htm Before Ranganathan influenced the world of library science (he is said to have coined the term), he earned his Masters degree in Mathematics and a degree from a teachers college. From 1917 to 1921, he retained a position at Presidency College in Madras, India, teaching math and physics. According to Gopinath, students loved Ranganathans lively teaching style and often applauded after his lectures. When a better paying library position opened at the Madras University Library, Ranganathan reluctantly applied and, with no previous library education or experience, was surprisingly accepted. After a week, out of boredom he tried to resign. Instead, he was sent to London for nine months where he learned library science and began to design his own classification scheme, among other concepts that he later wrote about, including his Five Laws of Library Science. He stayed at Madras University until 1945, after reorganizing the library, creating a library science school, and influencing much o f southern India. After his so-called retirement, he went to Banaras Hindu University and Dehli University, created and served on numerous professional committees and boards, as well as promoting public library legislation. From 1954-1957, Ranganathan stayed in Zurich, where he continued his work in library science. Then he went to Bangalore where â€Å"the pinnacle of†¦his entire life was†¦the founding of the Documentation Research and Training Centre under the auspices of the Indian Statistical Institute† (p. 2423). This institute exists today offering courses and degrees in information and library science (see drtc.isibang.ac.in/ for more information). Major contribution to librarianship S. R. Ranganathan, also known as the Father of Indian Librarianship, contributed more than 60 books and over 1,500 articles. He wrote on library management, book selection, reference service, library buildings and furniture, and the â€Å"chain procedure to deriving subject index entries† (Gopinath, 2003, p.2427), among other topics. But, one of his biggest contributions to librarianship was his â€Å"Five laws of library science† that continues to be a guide for library management and operation today. 1. Books are for use. 2. Every reader his/her book. 3. Every book its readers. 4. Save the time of the reader; save the time of the library staff. 5. The library is a growing organism. These five ideas shape many aspects of libraries. The following ideas derived from Ranganathans five laws are presented in a lecture from Atherton (1973) that she gave at the Documentation Research and Training Centre in Bangalore: Readers should know what information is available; libraries should know what their readers want; readers should have access to library material, catalog searches should lead the reader to their desired material; the organization systems of a library should be designed for efficiency; as information grows, so do libraries. All of these laws persist in importance in terms of the mission of the library and the services it provides for its patrons. Various versions of the five laws of library science can be seen in As electronic information becomes more pervasive, these laws still apply as an over-arching philosophy and guide to connecting patrons with information. Yet â€Å"new violations have emerged† with the growth of the web and other online resources (Cloonan Dove, 2005, p.59). Information architects and other information scientists look to Ranganathans ideas (Steckel, 2002). In 2004, Noruzi published a set for the Web: Web resources are for use. Every user his or her web resource. Every web resource its user. Save the time of the user. The Web is a growing organism. These modern challenges to maintain the ideals of library science are the major working in the fields of information and library sciences. Major contribution to cataloging S. R. Ranganathans most important contribution to cataloging was his Colon Classification scheme. Three main types of classification used are enumerative, as is the Library of Congress Classification, in that it â€Å"attempts to assign designations for all the single and composite concepts required in the system†; hierarchical, as mostly describes the Dewey Decimal Classification scheme; and faceted classification that confine their explicit lists of designations to single, unsubdivided concepts† (Taylor, 2006, p. 393). Facets are aspects of the book (or any information object) that can be used as an area for classification. In Ranganathans Colon Classification scheme, he determined there were five facets: personality, matter, energy, space, time that are â€Å"used to analyze a class or subject and to construct a composite class notation for it† (p. 395). In the PMEST formula, each facet is separated by different punctuation marks and informs which type of facet is coming next: , (comma)personality ; (semicolon)matter : (colon)energy . (period)space ‘ (apostrophe)time Taylor (p.395) gives the example of notation for a book on â€Å"the eradication of virus in rice plants in Japan, 1971† as J , 381 ; 4 : 5 . 42 ‘ N70†¦The breakdown of the notation is: Jagriculture(main subject) 381rice plant(personality) 4virus disease(matter) 5eradication(energy) 42Japan(space) N701970s(time) Considered â€Å"analytic-synthetic How does it compare to Dewey? Less biased Better for classifying complex items, new subjects â€Å"does not assign fixed slots to subjects in sequence† (p. 394). Current use of Colon Classification The faceted approach of Colon Classification makes it ideal for computer use. Faceted class notation â€Å"is especially important for online retrieval†¦as a complement to verbal retrieval methods y subject headings or keywords.† (p. 396) Because facets are used, as opposed to hierarchy, a user can easily search by facets. â€Å"Rather than deciding ahead of time what the ‘proper trees, the computer can construct a tree on the fly based on the users interaction† (Weinberger, 2007, p. 81). The users begin the search with one facet and then narrow it with other facets. â€Å"The result is a system that lets [the users] become data squirrels, jumping from branch to branch† (Weinberger, 2007, p. 81), with new branches being created by the users queries. As explained by Glassel (1998), â€Å"each term in a Yahoo! notation string contains individual words which have meaning on their own, but once combined with other words into a string, a context is created , providing a deeper meaning. In this way it is much like a faceted classification† ( ¶ 11). Here is an example of how the classification of a book based on its facets can easily migrate to a search engine. Using a books subjects: Research in the cure of the tuberculosis of lungs by x-ray conducted in India in 1950s, the CC notation is L,45;421:6;253:f.44N5. And as words, the notation is translated as: Medicine,Lungs;Tuberculosis:Treatment;X-ray:Research.India1950 (Chan, 1994, p.391). This translation are keywords in a search that, if matched to controlled subject headings would likely result in positive hits. Annotated bibliography of Ranganathans principle works. Ranganathan, S. R. (1933). Colon Classification. Madras: Madras Library Association. (1st edition). An introduction to the colon classification system using five facets (personality, matter, energy, space, and time) Ranganathan, S. R. (1962). Elements of Library Classification. Bombay: Asia Publishing House. Ranganathan, S.R. (1963). Colon classification : basic classification (6th ed.). New York: Asia Publishing House. Ranganathan, S.R. (1963). The five laws of library science (2nd ed.). New York: Asia Publishing House. Introduction to his five deceptively and elegantly simple â€Å"laws of library science† that affect every aspect of the library. User-centered approach Ranganathan, S.R. (1967). Prolegomena to library classification (3rd ed.). London: Asia Publishing House. 640-page book rules and guidelines Timeline Dewey born (1851) LCC developed (1852) Colon Class. designed (1924) 5 Laws of LS (1928) Ranganathan dies (1972) 1850-1875 1901-1929 1950-1979 1876-1900 1930-1949 1980-present DDC developed (1876) Ranganathan born (1892) Dewey dies (1931) CC, LC, and DD class. systems modified, still used Appendix A CANONS FOR THE IDEA PLANE 1.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Canons for Characteristics a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Differentiation b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Relevance c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Ascertainability d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Permanence 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Canons for Succession of Characteristics a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Concomitance b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Relevant Succession c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Consistent Succession 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Canons for Array a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Exhaustiveness b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Exclusiveness c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Helpful Sequence 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Canons for Chain a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Decreasing Extension b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Modulation d)   Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Consistent Sequence 5.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Canons for Filiatory Sequence a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Subordinate Classes b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Coordinate Classes CANONS FOR THE VERBAL PLANE 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Context 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Enumeration 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Currency 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Reticence CANONS FOR THE NOTATIONAL PLANE 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of   Synonym 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Homonym 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Relativity 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Uniformity 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Hierarchy 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Non-Hierarchy 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Mixed Base 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Pure Base 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Faceted Notation 10. Canon of Non-Faceted Notation 11. Canon of Co-Extensiveness 12. Canon of Under-Extensiveness CANONS OF MNEMONICS 1.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Alphabetical Mnemonics 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Systematic Mnemonics 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Canon of Seminal Mnemonics PRINCIPLES FOR HELPFUL SEQUENCE 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Later-in-Time 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Later-in-Evolution 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principles of Spatial Contiguity a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Bottom Upwards b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Top Downwards c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Left to Right d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Clockwise Direction e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Counter-Clockwise Direction f)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Periphery to Centre g)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Centre to Periphery 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Principles of Quantitative Measure a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Increasing Quantity b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Decreasing Quantity 5.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Increasing Complexity 6.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Canonical Sequence 7.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Literary Warrant 8.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Principle of Alphabetical Sequence POSTULATES 1.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of Five Fundamental Categories 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of Basic Facet 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of Isolate Facet 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulates for Rounds of Manifestation a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of Rounds for Energy b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of Rounds for Personality and Matter c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of Rounds for Space and Time 5.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulates for Levels of Manifestation a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of Level 6.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulates for Facets a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of First Facet b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of Concreteness c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of Facet Sequence Within a Round d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of Facet Sequence Within the Last Round e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Postulate of a Level Cluster PRINCIPLES FOR FACET SEQUENCE 1.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Wall-Picture Sequence 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Whole-Organ Principle 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Cow-Calf Principle 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Act and-Action-Actor-Tool Principle References Atherton, P. (1973). Putting knowledge to work: An American view of Ranganathans five laws of library science. Dehli: Vikas Publishing House. Chan L. M. (1994). Cataloging and classification: An introduction (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Cloonan, M.V., Dove, J.G. (2005, April 1). Ranganathan Online. Library Journal, 130(6), pp. 58-60. Retrieved on July 22, 2008, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=9hid=103sid=3d1ade8a-3357-4c16-8584-676fda875d4d%40sessionmgr9 Garfield, E. (1984, February 6). A tribute to S. R. Ranganathan, the Father of Indian library science: Part I life and works. Current Comments, 6, 37-43. Retrieved on July 21, 2008, from http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v7p045y1984.pdf Glassel, A. (1998). Was Ranganathan a Yahoo!? End Users Corner.  Retrieved July 21, 2008, from http://scout.wisc.edu/Projects/PastProjects/toolkit/enduser/archive/1998/euc-9803.html Gopinath, M.A. (Ed.) (1994), Memorabilia Ranganathan. Bangalore: Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science. Gopinath, M.A. (2003). Ranganathan, Shiyali Ramamrita. In M. A. Drake (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (2nd ed.) (pp. 2419-2437). New York: Marcel Dekker. Noruzi, A. (2004). Application of Ranganathans Laws to the Web. Webology, 1(2). Retrieved July 21, 2008, from http://www.webology.ir/2004/v1n2/a8.html Spiteri, L. (1998). A simplified model for facet analysis. Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science, 23, pp. 1-30. Retrieved July 22, 2008, from http://iainstitute.org/pg/a_simplified_model_for_facet_analysis.php Stekel, M. (2002, October 7). Ranganathan for IAs : An introduction to the thought of S.R. Ranganathan for information architects. Boxes And Arrows. Retrieved July 21, 2008, from http://www.boxesandarrows.com/view/ranganathan_for_ias Taylor, A. G. (2006). Introduction to cataloging and classification (10th ed.). Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited. Weinberger, D. (2007). Everything is miscellaneous: The power of the new digital disorder. New York: Henry Holt and Company. July 16, 2008, 11:23 AM, Erin M. OToole, recommended in an email to use the following resources: LIS encyclopedias and dictionaries online reference works available in the LIS Subject Guide at http://www.library.unt.edu/research-tools/subject-guides/library-information-science/electronic-resources/dictionaries-encyclopedias the UNT Library Catalog at http://iii.library.unt.edu the 3 LIS databases listed in a row starting with Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) on this webpage: http://irservices.library.unt.edu/ais.cfm?alpha=L favorite search engine and keyword Google Images Search at http://images.google.com

Health Care System Essay -- Comparative, Finland, Germany, Tukmenistan

Turkmenistan is located in central Asia As a consequence of the collapse of former Soviet Union Turkmenistan declared its independency in 1991. It occupies an area of 491 200 km2 and has an estimated population of 4 611 700. Turkmenistan has five administrative regions, called velayat. Each velayat is subdivided in number of districts called etrap. In 1997 life expectancy was for male 57.9, and for females 65.3 years.[3,5] 2.2 Finland Finland is located in north-east of the Baltic Sea. It has been independent republic since 1917. It has an area of 338 145 km2 and had 2005 a population of 5 260 000. Finland can be divided in three parts, state, province and municipality. 2005 there were 415 municipalities. The life expectancy for men was in 2005 75.8, and for female 82.7 years.[6] 2.3 Germany The Federal Republic of Germany is located in central Europe and it has an area of approximately 357 000 km2. The Germany, as we know it today, exists since 1990 as the former German Democratic Republic accessed the Federal Republic of Germany. It consists 16 states, each of them have a constitution which is consistent with the principles of national constitution. 2004 Germany had 82 500 000 inhabitants. Life expectancy at birth was in 2003 for male 75.6, and for female 81.6 years.[1] 3 How do the public and the private sectors function to provide health services? 3.1 Turkmenistan The basic organizational structure of health care system follows the standard model set down in soviet times. However, the organization and management of health services in urban area differs from those in rural area. There are two levels in health care, primary and secondary care. Primary care facilities are often very dilapidated; they need investment for e... ...od and new patients keep on coming to them for treatment. This results in my opinion lots of redundant diagnostic interventions, which are made just because the patient wants them to be done, even though there would not be a medical indication. In some cases the line between an inpatient treatment and a â€Å"wellness vacation† is fading away. It is an extremely expensive health care system with the result of the first health insurance company went bankrupt this summer. In the future there are further bankrupts to be expected, if new powerful reforms are not going to be executed or the benefits of this current statutory health insurance are not going to be prioritized. In my opinion the funding of German health care system, in the way it is at the time, will lead to bigger problems as they already have, which implies unnecessary misery for the weakest in their society.